Britain Built America's Bomb—Then America Locked Them Out
The Tube Alloys Secret: How Britain Cracked Uranium Enrichment Before America How wartime allies who cracked uranium enrichment were betrayed by Cold War politics, Soviet spies, and congressional power plays BLUF (Bottom Line Up Front) Britain's Tube Alloys project pioneered uranium enrichment technologies that enabled the Manhattan Project's success. Despite wartime promises of continued cooperation, the 1946 McMahon Act abruptly severed the partnership, leaving Britain and France isolated. The Klaus Fuchs espionage case—involving a physicist American authorities knew posed security risks but chose to retain—vindicated security concerns while fueling McCarthy-era paranoia. Britain spent two percent of GDP rebuilding capabilities it had freely shared, suffering the Windscale fire disaster in 1957. France's independent program cost lives in Saharan test fallout and accidents. Britain tested its first bomb in 1952; France in 1960. Partial cooperation resumed only in 1958, ...